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AMERICAN BALANCE
American Balance 8 / 19 / 1837 - 2 / 21 / 1839
 Ohio Historical Society
American Balance

Akron, Ohio August 19, 1837, 2:4

To the Public: In assuming the relation of Editor, of a public journal, which is designed for an extended circulation, the undersigned hopes he has duly weighed the responsibilities attached to the station.

Wholly unused to appear before the public, in a capacity to attract attention, and this effort being attributable to the urgent solicitations of friends; he cannot but hope that his inexperience will serve as an apology for errors . . .

. . . There is no medium through which history of the day can be brought to our fire-sides with equal facility.  Newspapers are to the present times, what History is to the past. Alike, the faithful chroniclers of past and passing events, there is this important difference; while History recounts events long past, and compresses within a narrow compass the subjects to which they relate, Newspapers give the minuteness of detail to all its incidents . . .

We are of the number, who believe that all the honesty, virtue, and patriotism, are exclusively the property of any one party, or set of men; on the contrary, we are ready to aid by our humble efforts, in giving currency to correct principles come from whom they may . . .

A portion of our paper will be devoted to the interests of Education. Remarks and selections will be made with a view to the elevation of the character of Common Schools, and to beget in the young mind a thirst for intellectual acquirements and virtuous distinction. The acquirement of an Education may be made an attractive business by combining amusement with instruction. In this important particular our present system of Education, as practiced in the Common Schools is lamentably deficient. Our remarks in future upon this subject will be less General . . .

H. K. Smith.

Akron, Aug. 19, 1937.

American Balance

Akron, Ohio August 19, 1837, 2:3

EDUCATIONAL CONVENTION

    There will be a meeting of the Friends of Education of Portage County at Ravenna, on Tuesday the 29th; to consider the importance of having one or more schools established in this county, for instruction in the higher branches of a common English education, on a definite and permanent system of classification; also to consider the importance and practicability of introducing some better system of classification into popular schools already established; and also to consider any subjects to which may be brought before them relating to the improvement of schools, and to the cause of popular education. Delegates to the said convention have already been appointed in several of the towns, and the friends of education in other town, are requested to meet and make similar appointments. Also the friends of education generally in the county are requested to attend, and take a part in the discussions.  Teachers who wish to hear means suggested by which they may improve their schools, and parents who wish to know what the present defects in schools are and how they may be remedied, and how they may avail themselves of the best means of educating their children will be benefited by attending the Convention.

     The Convention will be organized at  11:00 A.M. It is deemed important that those who attend should be present at the opening of the Convention, and also that they come expecting to remain until the following day.

 

 

American Balance

Akron, Ohio August 19, 1837, 2:3

 
AKRON SELECT SCHOOLS.
I wish particularly to call the attention of parents, guardians and others who have the charge of the education of youth, to the schools kept by Mr. Sawtell and Miss Hawkins, notices of which will be found in our list of advertisements. We are well assured that they are conducted upon the most approved system and with the highest ability. Those who have patronized them have, we believe, without exception been highly pleased with the proficiency which has been made by their scholars.    The principle of investigation is successfully practiced, so that every step the scholar takes in any branch of science, is fully understood by them.     We are satisfied that any thing we could say by way of commendation would fall far short of the reality.    Scholars from a distance can be accommodated with board in families of the highest respectability upon reasonable terms.           

 

American Balance

Akron, Ohio August 19, 1837, 3:6

AKRON SELECT SCHOOL

The second quarter of this school will commence on Monday, Sept. 18, and continue eleven weeks. A convenient and commodious room has been fitted up in the brick store of B.W. Stephens, where the School will in future be kept. Instruction will be given in all branches of English education, commonly taught in higher schools, and in Latin. It is intended that the instruction shall be thorough and the discipline efficient. A proper regard will be paid to the manners and morals of the pupils, and to the improvement in general information. No effort will be spared to induce habits of thought, and observation.
Terms $5.00 per quarter.
References, Rev. J.B. Walker, Rev. T. Barrow, Dr. J. Cole, A, Hand, Esq., H. K. Smith, W.B. Mitchell, L. Green, N.B. Dodge, and E. Crosby.
 
S.L. Sawtell, Teacher.
Akron, August 12, 1837

 

American Balance

Akron, Ohio August 19, 1837, 4:4

WHAT IS A USEFUL EDUCATION. 

We put the question in reference to the great body of American youth, who are to earn their bread by the sweat of their brows, and, under Providence, to wield the future destinies of our country. Two principles should govern: Teach them to provide for themselves honorably, under any ordinary contingency,-- and qualify them to become useful in society. The times, as well as universal experience, abundantly admonish us, that however tile children of wealth may indulge in indolence and dissipation --while their means last, the great mass of American youth, must, and ought, to depend upon their labor for their fortunes and their usefulness. Fortune is at best precarious; patrimonial dependence is uncertain, and reliance upon friendship or charity of the world, or upon office, is frail and often debasing. Self-dependence is the only sure stay. We are ever most willing to help those who help themselves. Productive labor is the legitimate source of all our wealth, individual and national; and this labor is profitable to the individu­al and to the nation, in proportion to the treasure, of scientific knowledge which guide and direct its operations. -- Hence it is of primary importance, that our youth should be efficiently taught to labor, and that their minds should be earnestly imbued with that kind of knowledge which will instruct them in the principles of their business, render it honorable, and make them independent in conduct and in fortune.

We have, to be sure, colleges and academies in abundance, more than can be supported, or that can be made economical and useful. But these are in a measure consecrated to the learned professions - to the privileged few - for they are privileged, in as much as they are the exclusive recipients of public bounty in the higher branches of learning. Productive labor derives little or no advantage from their teachings. Few of the youth who enter their halls ever seek for a livelihood in the laboring arts. They learn to look upon labor, as servile and demeaning, and to seek their level in what they consider the higher clas­ses of society. They do not go to their schools to learn to work; or to learn to live by work, in the common meaning of these terms - but to learn to live without work - above work. They are virtually withdrawn from the producing classes. Those young aspirants flock to the learned professions, and the genteel employments, as the avenues to honors anti to office; and notwithstanding that labor is taxed heavily, in one way or another, to supply their real or imaginary wants, yet the genteel professions have become so overstocked, and the threshold of power so thronged with supplicants, that hundreds and thousands are thrown back, as parasites, upon society exhibiting the melancholy spectacle of men born to be useful, but unable, or unwilling, from the bins of wrong education, to become so. Had these men been taught to look upon labor, as it truly is, a necessary, healthful, independent, real honorable employment, and been instructed in its principles and its practice, while young, they would have cherished its interests, respected its virtues, and cheerfully spared in its toils and its pleasures. We seek not, by these remarks, to pull down that which is, but to build up that which is not. It is not that we love a part less, but the whole more. We would raise the standard of labor, without depressing that of literature.

 

American Balance

Akron, Ohio August 19, 1837, 3:3

“SUSPENDED”

It will be perceived by the following notice that the Van Buren paper, formerly published in this village, has “suspended.” The intelligence of this part of Ohio, will not require it to “resume.” - Ed. Balance.

 

American Balance

Akron, Ohio August 19, 1837, 2:4

AKRON JOURNAL

 
The office of the Akron Journal has “suspended” its issues for the present. How soon it will “resume” then, depends upon so many contingencies that no promises will be given at this time. The indulgence which has been extended towards the “privileged” defaulters of the Country, Bankrupt Banks and Bankrupt Bankers, is bespoke for the aforesaid Journal. It will probably resume its issues when they resume their special payments.
Meanwhile it is expected that all arrearages on account of subscriptions, advertising and job work will be squared up as soon as practicable. 
 
C. Bryan - Akron, August 18, 1837.

 

American Balance Akron, Ohio August 26, 1837, 1:6

SCHOOL TEACHING

The office  needs in itself to be greatly raised in the opinions of men. Its wide spread, influence should be more deeply reflected upon. It has been our schools that have given joy to the fire-sides of New England. They have imparted intelligence to our statesmen and wisdom to our laws. Even as they are, they have produced an effect upon the character of the people. The work of the schoolmaster is everywhere; others have worked upon matter, he has worked upon mind. He has 'influenced the spirit and guided the character. "Give me," says one, the schools and the school-books, and by and by I will have both the churches and courts of law." The teachers of our land are molding out the future destinies of the people. They are putting their stamp and seal to the future character of the nation. They are turning the wheels which will presently move a coming generation. Surely, then, there is no office on earth which is more important.

No one should teach for mere money. Taking a school is something more than a matter of. bargain. The work should be entered upon as the ministry is entered up­on, with a feeling of sanctity. The teacher must teach and because he is thus fulfilling a high duty. The community should give liberal remuneration to teachers; but still the teacher should not keep his eye on the silver and gold. A high purpose, a more lofty end, should stir his heart. When the old Athenian found that his armor-bearer served him for money, he exclaimed, "Give me back my buckler, since you serve me for that, you are no longer worthy to bear it." So may we say of that teacher who cares for no more than what he can get. On the part of the public, the office of teacher should be respected. The intelligent and virtuous should place the teacher on his true elevation. His vocation should be treated with the reverence and dignity it deserves. Perhaps the reason why, there has been a deficiency in this respect, is that the most important part of instruction has been so much neglected. If it be so  then the community place a noble charge under his care, and while he watches over the moral and spiritual nature, they should have a proportionate respect to his office, and honor to his sacred trust.


Again, no just compensation should be thought to great to secure the labors of competent minds. We ought to have men of the first talent and of high moral worth. Money is a small consideration in comparison with this. Let every parent then have an open hand. If we would have teachers throughout the country of the firmest principles and most elevated minds the community must be liberal - Waterston

 

American Balance Akron, Ohio, October 19, 1837, 3:2

     VILLAGE SCHOOLS

     It is to be regretted that our schools are in their present languishing condition. Large numbers of scholars are running through out streets unemployed in any thing useful, who ought to be engaged in acquiring an education, while our School houses are almost destitute of inmates.
The ability with which our High Schools are conducted, cannot be satisfactory to everyone, who is at all qualified to judge of the readiest and most effectual modes of acquiring a thorough education. All that is necessary to ensure the prosperity of those schools, and the ample encouragement of the Teachers, is, that an enlightened public should judge their utility from actual experience.
It is believed that no community are more capable than our own of appreciating the value of a thoroughly educated body of Youth - but there appears to be an unnatural apathy resting upon us in regard to this all important subject.
We seem to say to our excellent schools "we know your value, but will not avail ourselves of the benefit your offer. Die out school, we are too much engaged in something else to look after the welfare of our children!"
For proof of this fact, we need only to point to the meager handful of scholars who attend our schools, and the multitude who are daily sporting kites, playing marbles, or idling away their time at places of public resort, cracking whips and perhaps indulging in sports of a less innocent nature . . . Consult your own best interests and the conclusion to which you will come will prove a lasting blessing to yourselves and your children.

 

American Balance
Akron, Ohio, October 19, 1837, 2: 1,2,3,4
October 26, 1837, 2:1,2,3,4
 
EDUCATIONAL CONVENTION
   
A PLAN
For the establishment of one or more Schools, for instruction in higher branches of a common English education, on an improved system of classification; with a view to the introduction of a better system of classification in schools generally.
It is supposed that one important means of improvement in schools for popular instruction must consist in the introduction of a better system of classification As our common primary schools, and most select schools and academies, are now organized, there is so little classification and the courses pursued are so numerous and various, that the teacher cannot devote more than 5 to 15 minutes to any one recitation. It is thought that it might essentially promote the course of education and by one step towards the introduction of an important improvement in schools generally, to have one or more schools established, for instruction in the higher branches of a common English education, on the following plan.
  
     The following resolution was presented by E.T. Sturtevant:
Resolved, That it is expedient that this Convention now take into consideration the plan proposed for introducing into schools, an improved system of classification, and make an expression of its views on the subject.
     Mr. S.  spoke of the importance of having the approbation and favor of the enlightened friends of education in behalf of any judicious measures which teachers may undertake for the improvement of schools. They have to encounter many objections and prejudices. Improvements need to be made, which teachers cannot make, acting independently and alone.
     Mr. Sawtell offered the following: Resolved, That the want of a better system for classification, in schools for popular instructions, is one of the greatest obstacles in the way of a general improvement in education.
     Mr. S remarked that all who had experience in teaching, deeply felt the want of a better system of classification; all felt the difficulty of having so many things attended at the same time, as is usual in common schools and academes, without definite    Order and arraignment. One scholar calls for one thing, another for another, one makes one enquiry and another another inquiry, all tending to keep up confusion and perplexity . . .
     Dr. Cole spoke of the importance of system. The letters should be known thoroughly and separately. Teachers are wanted who can teach principles, from which systematic progress can be made in education: System he said was important in respect to the formation of sounds, and pronunciation. The principle to be instructed upon is to how the elements of learning taught so as to be understood. System is the main thing wanting. It is important to enter upon system without delay. It might as well be begun in Portage county as any where; he should be glad to have it done. The resolution as agreed to...
     Dr. Clark presented the following resolution, which was discussed and adopted. Resolved, That youth over 12 or 14 years of age, who are already acquainted with the elements of Geography, Arithmetic and Grammar may, in most cases, with great advantage, be put together and instructed in one class, when they are pursuing the same study.
     Mr. E. N. Sill then presented a resolution as follows; Resolved, That to have one or more schools established in this county, on a definite and efficient system of classification, in which the number of studies, and classes, admitted at the same time, should be so limited that the teachers may have sufficient time to impart instruction in each. .
     Mr. Kirkam said he was glad to see so great unanimity . . . but if there were objections to the plan proposed they ought to be looked at. It may be a question whether the proposed system can be economically introduced. The object in common schools he said is to get a smattering of all the different branches of education. If Princes were to be educated it might do, but can the children in this republic be educated this way? It would be desirable if practicable. He thought that system could not be sustained in common schools in these parts; it might be in cities . . .
     Mr. Sawtell said he did not consider that a radical change was to be made, but only an improvement . . .
     Mr. Cole said, it is conceded that all minds are not alike. But the system of classification in study would go far to remedy existing difficulties. The teacher must learn the individual capacities of different minds, and not take it for granted that the individuals in the class understand the instruction given, till he knows the facts . . .
     Mr. Sheldon said, it appeared to be taken for granted that there is no useful education without classification. But, education in Scotland and in New England is prosperous without all the classification here recommended. He had some doubts in respect to the expediency of the plan . . .
     It was remarked by Mr. Pitkin, that there is no question but improvements will be made in education; and that there will be modifications of old systems combined with new, for the better. If the object be to have one great center school, who will benefit? What class of the community will reap the advantage? Schools, he said, were to come to the doors of all, to be accessible to the people generally. He should rejoice to see the experiment made provided it be a model for schools generally, and not to be for the benefit of a few . . .
    The following resolutions, respecting COMMON DISTRICT SCHOOLS were each separately presented . . .
Resolved, That children under 6 or 8 years of age ought not to be confined the same number of hours, in the same room, and under the same regulations with scholars who are much older, and are pursuing higher studies; but should be in a separate school adapted to their age and capacities.
Resolved, That while children under 6 or 8 years of age, can be instructed in a school or department by themselves, the plan of classification proposed. . . may be introduced in common district schools with great advantage.
     Mr. Brooks introduced the first of these resolutions, by saying that small children ought not on any plan to be confined in the way they are now in our schools. It is cruel. No parent would confine their children is such a way at home. It is injurious to their health; to their bodies, and minds. Besides it creates, at this early age, a permanent dislike to the schools and their studies; and they scarcely receive any benefit to compensate them for all these evils; for they are too young to study to any advantage, and the teacher often cannot even ten minutes in a day to instruct them.
     Dr. Cole said our jail system is a mercy in comparison with the operations of our school system on this small class of scholars. The little things are compelled to sit strait up without the privilege of turning even their heads on hard benches, often without backs, for hours, together. No wonder they hate schools; no wonder so many of both sexes are afterwards sickly and deformed. Why you can not compel a man, the laziest in the community, to sit after this mode half an hour, and here these tender little ones, without being guilty of any crime or offense except that of being small, are compelled to sit an hour and a half without stirring four times every day they attend school; and thus they endure what would be found a hard punishment for our state criminals. But this would not be so bad, if our present system were not likewise defective in its mode of supplying teachers. The fact is, our system in respect to the getting of suitable teachers is most wretchedly unfortunate. A great many of them treat their scholars, especially this little class, most ridiculously. They are as utterly unqualified as if they were brainless, destitute of all proper ideas of the treatment pupils ought to have. Our system is wrong in all these respects and many more - wretchedly wrong and ridiculous.
     Mr. Pitkin wished to see more candor in the discussion; he thought the Doctor very extravagant in his statements. The facts were not to any considerable extent as he had represented them. He had seen all the kind treatment, and beneficial results of good management, on the part of teachers in very many schools which the Doctor had stated them to be deficient in. He was very extensively acquainted with the conditions of the schools in our country, and his personal observation enabled him to say that the complaints just made are not well founded. Small children are now generally permitted to have all the indulgences they need. It was a view of the subject which appeared very important to his mind, that this wholesome restraint here complained of is of great advantage to their character in subsequent life. This restraint is not cruel . . . This plan of separating the small from the large scholars, might be adopted in villages; but in the county, schools cannot be supported without the joint patronage of both classes of scholars. The plan would divide and distract the schools and produce only injury. There would not be one district in ten, where the plan would be practicable. Our advice would not be listened to, if we should pass the resolution.
     Dr. Cole replied, I get my information respecting the character and qualifications of teachers from acting as examiner of teachers, and from frequently visiting schools. I appeal to all who are acquainted with the actual conditions of our schools whether my description of them is not in the main correct.
     Mr. Brooks also replied. There is no ground for dispute about the facts in which the resolution is predicated. Small children do suffer from injurious confinement in our schools. They distract the mind of the teachers, and hinder the progress of the larger scholars . . .
 
American Balance

Akron, Ohio, November 2, 1837, 2:1

 
     For the American Balance
At an adjourned meeting of the citizens of Akron, friendly to the establishment of a school for Academical instruction, held at the School Room of Mr. Sawtell, Oct. 30, 1837, E. Williams, Esq. Chairman of the Committee appointed for that purpose, submitted the following report, which on a motion of Mr. Wm. B. Mitchell was unanimously adopted.
 
     REPORT
     The Committee appointed at the meeting to propose some suitable measures for the establishment and support of a more enlarged and liberal system of education then at present exists in our village to be immediately established upon a plan commensurate, not only with our present wants but looking to a future advance, both in character and usefulness as the tide of emigration increases our numbers and prosperity rewards our enterprise and furnishes us with the means of sustaining such advance. . .
     Resolved, That it is expedient to establish a school in this village to be denominated the Akron High School.
     That the course of instruction shall embrace the earliest rudiments and completion of thorough English education and classical course adequate to prepare our youth for an entrance into College, and such other branches of study and modifications of those above named as future experience may prompt and our abilities may enable us to establish.
     That, the earliest moment should be seized to divide the school into distinct male and female departments with appropriate instructors in each.
 

 

American Balance

Akron, Ohio, November 9, 1837,  3:1

    SCHOOLS

     The season of winter schools is at hand, it may not be amiss to call attention of our readers, to this all-important subject. Already have the competent, the incompetent, the industrious, the lazy; the intelligent, communicative, clear sighted, aspiring teacher, and the dull-eyed, thick-skulled, drone C taken the field in search of winter quarters. With men of intelligence, it is not a difficult matter to decide which of these characters apply to them for patronage, and which it is best to employ.

     The author of our existence has placed in our hands the training of minds, which are destined to shine in this and a future world, or are to become the pests of society, and their futurity, the plague of their own hearts. The different results are in a great measure, dependent upon the kind of instruction which they receive in the juvenile years, and the manner in which that instruction is presented. It would be hazarding nothing, in saying that more than half of the time of children is wasted while in school, for want of proper instruction.

     The principle of investigation the why and the wherefore. Of everything should be attended to, but seldom is. No child should be suffered to step upon a new subject until the one under consideration is fully explained, and until he can explain it himself. But practice is far different.

     In the ordinary course, the child,  investigates for himself, never understands fully the most simple proposition of elementary studies of a common school. The observation has been made, and is here  the majority of the scholars do not know their letters. This is wholly owing to the neglect or incompetence of the teachers. Who then, with these facts before them, will entrust the education of their scholars, (we had almost said, their future destiny,) to the guardianship of incompetence!

     Many lazy fellows, who are adverse to labor and cold weather, seek a retreat in a school house and take upon themselves the responsible office of instructors of youth. They ask but small wages, can read without spelling more than half the words, write their name, and cipher as far as simple interests; but without the ability of disposition to explain intelligibly, one single proposition, which occurs in their boasted requirements.

     We hope that no district will be afflicted with one of these murderers of the time of scholars, the coming winter; but we very much fear, that already, they may have got a hold from which it will be difficult to dislodge them.

     Look to these things! Ye who have children under your care, let no specious pretensions on the part of the teacher, deter you from fully satisfying your mind, that he is not only competent, but that he actually does keep a good school.

     The difference between a good and a bad teacher , can not be estimated. A good teacher takes the minds of the scholars along with their progress, a poor one drives their bodies. Dollars and cents do not enter into the account. There is a value which is infinitely beyond the paltry consideration of dollars and cents.

 

American Balance

Akron, Ohio, November 9, 1837,  3:3

 
     Akron, Oct. 8, 1837
     The Board of Trustees of the Akron High School, met at the Centre Block in pursuance to a notice in the American Balance. Justus Gale was called to the Chair and H.K. Smith appointed Secretary.
     The following persons were elected:
For President, J.D. Commins
For Vice President, Johnathan Starr of Copley
For Secretary, H. K. Smith
For Treasurer, Simon Perkins, Jr.
A committee was appointed to draft a code of By-laws . . .
E. Torry, G.J. Ackley, Joseph Cole and Justus Gale.
    
[for the next few months the following advertisement ran in every issue]
 
AKRON HIGH SCHOOL
     The winter term of this school will commence on Monday, December 4, and continue eleven weeks, under the former instructor S.L Sawtell.
TERMS
    For Reading, Penmanship and Geography $3.00
    Arithmetic, English Grammar, History and Exercises in Composition $4.00
    Higher Branches $5.00
    The studies to be pursued each term will be advertised from time to time.
    For the coming term they will be as follows, [the same basic courses except history and composition are replaced by] Natural Philosophy and Latin.
 [ This school seems to follow pretty close to the plan discussed in the Ravenna Educational Convention in September. Scholars could choose their field of study and different courses would be offered in different terms. This is not exclusively a high school as we know the term today and was know at the time as a secondary school. The smaller classes were accepted as well.]
     Board maybe obtained in good families at from 1.50 to 2.00 dollars per week.
     For admission into the school application may be made to the instructor, or to the trustees.
     Akron, November 15, 1837.
 
 
1838 – Township Reports on Common Schools
Horace K. Smith, Township Clerk - under the new school law introduced by Senator Leicester King to the Ohio General Assembly and influenced by Super Samuel Lewis
     This year is extensively enumerated. Each school district lists parents names, scholars names, male or female. In some cases he describes the school districts boundaries. The report covers 12 pages.  It is also enlightening to see that prominent citizens sponsored children to the schools other than their own, notably in School District No. 2; Horace K. Smith sponsors Wm and M Flowers along with Hulbert and Almira Smith; L.V. Bierce, whose infant son died shortly before this date sponsored Susan Hopkins; Mrs. Trumbull sponsored Waterman Gage; S.A. Wheeler sponsored 3 children and his daughter Melissa; Philo Chamberlin sponsored 2 along with one of his own; Dr. J.D. Commings sponsored 2 and none of his own; Webster B. Storer sponsored Lucy Tubbs and Wm Dodge sponsored Isabella Howard [I suspect that some of these children might have been Negro or Mulatto, the children of runaway slaves, as many of these adults were also rabid abolitionists.]
 
Portage Twp. School District No. 2 and 6 - which include a good part of Akron
Total Scholars - 503, males 227; females 276
Of these 503 scholars only 6 are listed with Irish surnames; Peter Conley’s children Barna, Patrick and Bridgete. Patrick O’Garra’s son Michael; James Cassady’s two children Michael and Mary. While a large portion of the population was Irish Catholic, most lived in the shanties of “New Dublin,” in wretched poverty and were often and obviously discriminated against because they were Catholics (Papists.)
 
Portage Twp. School District No.3
Total Scholars 38 including 10 Sherbody children. This is obviously the school in the Sherbody Allotment
 
Portage Twp. School District No. 4
Total Scholars 27 including 5 Ayers children - this would be in the Aryers Allotment
 
Portage Twp. School District No. 5
Total Scholars 81 - Seth Sackett, who lived at the southwest corner of Tallmadge and Cuyahoga Streets, sponsored Mary and Nancy Davidson
 
Portage Twp. School District No. 6 was incorporated with No. 2 into a single Akron School District
 
Portage Twp. School District No. 7 - This was the school house at the northwest corner of Portage Path and West Market Street
Total Scholars 66 - Simon Perkins, Jr. sponsored Hosea and Mary Ann Hi(c)kox

 

American Balance 1837 - 1838 - 1839-43 - 1844-46 - 1847 - 1948-49 - 1850-96

 

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